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In 2018, the National Science Foundation (NSF) program “Understanding the Rules of Life: Building a Synthetic Cell” held an Ideas Lab to generate projects to develop synthetic cells. �������ϲ�appFellow Jane Maienschein��attended. She became part of a team whose goal is to develop artificial cytoskeletons to place in living cells. In other words, the team will create a kind of “cyborg cell.”�� MBL��Whitman Center����������Գپ���������and University of Chicago modeler����are co-principal investigators on this project, along with����at North Carolina State (PI) and ��at Georgia Tech.

The project members will tackle central underlying questions about rules of life: What is a cell? How do we know when a synthetic unit counts as a cell? What is the history of cell biology that has led us to the assumptions about cells we hold today?

�Ѳ�����Բ�����𾱲�,����(�������ϲ�appWhitman Center/University of Chicago) and��Manfred Laubichler��of Arizona State University and Santa Fe Institute then received an additional NSF grant at the �������ϲ�appto address those questions, Besides conducting historical investigations, Matlin and Maienschein will hold a set of workshops at the MBL. Those workshops will focus especially on how scientists created images of cells in the past, and how they used those images to present their ideas about cells through time.

In 2021, an artist and graduate student studying the history of biofilm research will be in residence at the �������ϲ�appto help with the project. Working closely with Matlin and MBLWHOI Library Co-Director Jen Walton, Anna Clemencia Guerrero will build an art installation for the �������ϲ�appLibrary at the end of the project. The team will explore what we know about the history of understanding of cells, especially in the 20^th��century. And they will not only ask��what��we know, but��how��we know: What techniques do scientists use to “see” cells? What methods do scientists use to “represent” cells in images? The answers to those questions will be important for the project, as those images often become iconic, guiding scientists’ future ideas and research.

In addition to NSF funding, the historical work is supported by a grant from the Webster Foundation to Matlin and Maienschein.

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Image sources: (a) Hooke, Robert. Micrographia: or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies�� Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon. The��Royal Society, 1665.���� (b) Wilson, Edmund Beecher. The Cell in Development and Inheritance. London:��Macmillan and Co., 1896.����(c) National Institutes of Health. "Diagram of an Animal Cell in Three Dimensions.” Wikimedia Commons, 2005.��